There's a famous tale about a pumpkin-headed demon that for many captures the spirit of Halloween, Washington Irving's Headless Horseman.

[HORSE NEIGHING] But I actually think there's a much scarier headless monster with the potential to keep you up at night year round, one that began in the folklore of my ancestors, the Irish dullahan.

I'm Dr. Emily Zarka, and this is Monstrum.

Before we really get into the Legend of the dullahan, let's address the pumpkin in the room, the Headless Horseman of Sleepy Hollow.

Washington Irving wrote the short story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow in 1820.

In it, Ichabod Crane and his rival Brom Bones both fall in love with Katrina Van Tassel because of her great beauty and her large inheritance.

One night after a rejection of Katrina, a drunken Ichabod is chased down by a black cloaked figure on horseback and then mysteriously vanishes, only his hat and broken pieces of a pumpkin left behind.

With Ichabod out of the picture, Katrina marries Brom and the townspeople are led to believe Ichabod was carried away by a terrifying Headless Horseman of supernatural speed and strength.

Most of us know the Headless Horseman through children's books or the Disney version.

[CACKLING] There's also that movie that's loosely based on the story which has a lot of issues, including its demonization of women.

But let's move on.

I believe it's not only possible, but likely that Irving knew about the Irish dullahan before writing his famous spooky story.

His mother and father were immigrants with an English and Scottish heritage.

He had a Scottish nanny.

He traveled extensively across Europe.

He was friends with noted author Sir Walter Scott, who was indeed Scottish.

So it's not hard to imagine that Irving was exposed to Celtic culture.

We could also give credit to Irving's other possible European influences, like Tam O'Shanter by Robert Burns and The Wild Huntsman by Gottfried August Burger, both poems that have supernatural horse chases.

Basically, Irving took the concept of the Headless Horseman from the dullahan, and added elements that would make it more frightening for his target audience, Americans.

Irving uses the name of an actual town in the United States, and his villain is called the Galloping Hessian, a reference to the real German soldiers hired by the British to fight in the Revolutionary War who were known for their extreme violence.

So Irving takes fact and adds it to his fiction, saying quote, it is said by some to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper whose head had been carried away by a cannon ball in some nameless battle during the Revolutionary War.

The story of the Headless Horseman in popular culture usually has horses, nighttime journeys, carriages, and graveyards, all things that we find in dullahan legends.

But what's unique about the dullahan that's different from other monsters is that it doesn't actually kill you.

You might get your eyes ripped out, because that's a thing they do, but your life isn't immediately in peril.

What the dullahan is though, is a grave forewarning.

If you see one, it's not good.

You or someone you love will die or suffer in some terrible, horrible, eyeless way.

The dullahan story first appeared in writing in the 19th century in collections of Irish folklore, like Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland by Thomas Crofton Croker, and Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry by WB Yeats, which introduced Irish legends to the masses.

The dullahan can be either male or female, always travels by horse, and is headless.

Most of the time their head is still with them.

Sometimes it floats close to their bodies or is tucked under their arm, or is even inside their pocket.

In many stories, the horses is headless too.

Dullahan can also travel in packs, and the harvest dinner, a carriage full of headless passengers, is driven by a headless driver and pulled by headless horses.

Other accounts of the dullahan show them in the company of banshees, racing human riders, and even bowling with their own skulls.

Now that would be the party of a lifetime.

In the aptly named The Death Coach, a dullahan wields a long whip and drives a team of headless horses.

His carriage wheels are made from human thigh bones and the carriage is lit by two hanging skulls.

In some versions, the whip they carry is even more horrifying.

It's actually made from a human spine.

The dullahan is the personification of death.

The headless corpse was something the Irish were all too familiar with.

A predominantly Catholic culture, there were many stories and paintings that depict martyred saints walking around carrying their heads as a symbol of how they were executed.

Even before Catholicism was introduced in the fourth century, early Celts would take and preserve the heads of slain enemies to dehumanize them.

They believed the head was where the soul was located, so removing the head damages the spirit.

Decapitation was practiced in medieval Ireland both in battle and as a form of punishment.

During late Tudor rule, the British government even offered head money to anyone who could present the head of a known rebel to the crown.

There are written accounts of these beheadings, and also archaeological evidence.

Across Ireland, both male and female skeletons have been discovered with their heads forcibly removed.

This might explain tales of headless monsters, but what about the headless horses?

Well the Irish believed one of the greatest insults was to bury a human with a dead animal.

And in fact, many skeletons have been found buried with dead animals with missing heads.

So the dullahan's headless horse may have come from this tradition.

The dullahan is a reminder to never lose one's head, both literally and metaphorically.

The appearance of a dullahan often occurs after the victim has succumbed to lustful thoughts or has been drinking too heavily.

It serves as a midnight warning that keeps men and women at home, sober, and in their own beds.

Oral folklore, religion, and literary history all have a hand in creating this monster.

One of the most terrifying things about the dullahan is that it closely resembles the gruesome realities of medieval Ireland and combines fact and fiction, blurring real beheadings with imaginary ones.

And you thought the Headless Horseman was just a Halloween story.

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